The Libyan Journal of Science

التحليل البنيوي لنظائر التنجستن (_74^(168-172))W الشفعية- الشفعية باستخدام نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة IBM-2

عياد الهادي الزوام, فوزي حاجي ابو الشواشي, وهيبة عمر هدوار — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this study the energy levels (y-rast) have been calculated by using the interacting boson model (IBM-2), for the even-even tangesten ^168-172w isotopes and the results compared with the experimental data, and they were a good match. The dynamic symmetries were able to determine after these calculations, by used several tests like ratio , , and E-GOS. The results were compared with availalable limits, rotation SU(3),soft-Gamma O(6) and vibration U(5),X(5) and E(5) for each isotope. The even-even 168-172W isotopes are going on from rotational SU(3) which passing by – soft (unstable) O(6) which are X(5) limits

Methodology for changing two entangled states using quantum gates for a quantum circuit consisting of four Qubits

Mustafa H. Musa — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study introduces a systematic approach for controlling the output of a 4-qubit quantum circuit, initially prepared in the |0000⟩ state, to generate two entangled states. The procedure begins by enumerating all possible computational basis states of the circuit, followed by the creation of superposition states using the Hadamard gate. Entanglement between the qubits is then established through carefully applied CNOT gates. State manipulation is further implemented using the X-gate, allowing precise control of the resulting output. Each transformation converts the initial input into a four-qubit output containing two maximally entangled states. The proposed methodology emphasizes tailored gate selection based on the desired output and the configuration of the input qubits, providing a flexible framework for multi-qubit state engineering in quantum circuits.

Study of Deformation Parameters and Intrinsic Electric Quadrupole Moments for Even-Even (_28^(64-78))Ni Isotopes

Mariam Madi, Ayad Ezwam — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this research, we have studied the reduce electric quadrupole transition probability for the ground state → state, deformation parameter () and intrinsic electric quadrupole moments () by using deformed shell model equations for even-even Nickel isotopes with neutrons number N=36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 and 50. The results for our present calculations are compared with the experimental values. As well as, the values of , and have been calculated and determined for isotope which have not been determined experimentally. A good agreement were obtained for all results. Also, the quantities of , and for the isotopes have been plotted as a function of the number of neutrons (N) to study the effect of neutron number on them. On the other hand, it has clearly been noted from the result that with neutron number (40) is a stable isotope and has the spherical shape because N=40 is semi- magic number for Nickel nuclei, also it is close to the magic number (N=50).

Introductory Computer Programming Course at the University of Tripoli: Learning Difficulties and Impact of Preferred Study Materials on Students

Adnan El Sherif, Ali Aburas , Zainab Ahmed — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Notably, many students entering the University of Tripoli fail or drop out of the introductory programming course. Freshmen face various difficulties in introductory computer programming courses. Some common challenges they face include problem-solving, learning syntax, and editing and writing the code. In this study, 224 students in the computer science department at the Faculty of Science were enrolled in an introductory Python programming course. The study aims to identify and understand the challenges freshmen face in an introductory computer programming course. Furthermore, we explored the types of materials students prefer in an introductory computer programming course. We also explored the impact of the preferred material on understanding the programming concepts.

The statistical analysis of the data gathered from students identifies and ranks the main difficulties they face. We found that understanding the problem in the programming assignment was the major difficulty students faced. We further explored the relationship between the difficulties the students face, and the materials used to study the programming course. The results also support our hypotheses of correlations between student difficulty and private courses provided outside the university. The results show no relationship between student difficulty learning and private courses provided outside the university. Finally, we concluded with recommendations on improving the material contents and adapting the study material that students prefer in teaching introductory computer programming courses.

Groundwater Levels Evaluation in AL-Khoms City

Abdulbaset.M.S. Gejam — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Al-Khums city is located in northwestern of Libya, approximately 120 km from the capital, Tripoli. The Al-Khums region is influenced by a Mediterranean climate in the north and a desert climate in the south. Groundwater is the main water source in Al-Khums, and the scarcity of water resources in the region is a concern.
This research paper investigates the potential impact of groundwater level changes on the oil storage facilities in the area belonging to the Brega Oil Marketing Company. The paper assesses the groundwater level in the Al-Khums region based on available data to ensure that groundwater levels will not affect the construction of the Brega Oil Marketing Company's fuel storage terminal.
The assessment was conducted using the MODFLOW numerical model, calibrating groundwater levels based on the water levels of monitoring wells.
After calibrating the model, two scenarios were adopted. The first scenario assumes that the water withdrawal rate equals the maximum needs of the population and agriculture, while the second scenario assumes that the groundwater recharge rate has doubled.
Data from the pumping wells were inputed into the model, and simulations were performed. The results showed that the groundwater level is continuously decreasing because urban and agricultural consumption exceeds the recharge rate of the aquifers. Based on these results, Brega Oil Company can establish a fuel storage and distribution terminal without any concerns about rising groundwater levels.

THE PYROCLASTIC ROCKS AND ASSOCIATED MAFIC DYKES AND PLUGS, NW LIBYA

Sumaya, A. Oun, Khaled, M. Oun, Mabrook, T. Busrewil — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Repeated highly explosive and effusive processes in north of Ghāryān Town and Qumātah area, NW Tripolitania blasted through Mesozoic country rocks, generated numerous small sized and individual isolated exposures of areally limited, explosively fragmented aggregates. They are represented by near-surface, vent-filling, fragmentary rocks identifiable along roadcuts, but most commonly seen along wādi channels. They are comprised of a mixture of tuff, lapilli tuff, comminuted sediments and minor igneous and sedimentary rock fragments. A period of hydromagmatism, resulting from the interaction of ascending magma with externary-derived water at shallow depth, appears to characterize the early stage of mafic volcanism. When no water interacted with the erupting magma, low viscosity alkalic basaltic magma was emplaced after short hiatuses, forming multiple discordant narrow dykes or plugs of mafic rocks. The dykes appear to be parallel sided and their trend in most cases, lie parallel to the major structure of their host rock. In the Wādi Qābel and Kabdet al Jamel pyroclasts, there is evidence that the dykes were emplaced by injection associated with dilation of the dyke walls. It is possible that the localized nature of the pyroclastic deposits, and their associated mafic dykes, were controlled by regional tectonic stresses. Coarse-grained lherzolite nodules and clinopyroxene megacrysts of presumed upper mantle source origin are widely distributed and locally abundant in some vents and their associated mafic plugs. The presence of accidental blocks and foreign fragments within the volcaniclastic rocks of Wādi Qābel and Kabdet al Jamel, which can be recognized as coming from shallow levels of the walls of the conduit (Al Aziziyah and Abu Shaybah sediments) suggests shallow depth of fragmentation of the melt within/or below the stratigraphic position of the two formations. The dykes appear to have been emplaced along shear planes, the distribution and general similarity of the vents through the area has led to them being regarded as belonging to the same magmatic episode.

A General Study of the Water Resources Aquifer System Ghadames and Murzuq Basins - Libya

Osama Hlal, Anas Belhaj, Faraj Hadia, Abdulati Araibi — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Murzuq and Ghadames Basins region, located in southwest Libya. Both basins are of high importance for hydrogeological systems, in North African Aquifer System Figure1. Bounded by Tibisti-Al Haruj to the east and Hoggar to the west, with extensions into Niger as the Djado Basin and Nafusa Uplift in the north. Both basins' surfaces are characterized by arid climatic conditions, experiencing extreme temperatures, minimal rainfall, and occasional torrential storms, underscoring the importance of their groundwater resources for sustainability.
Ghadames Basin is part of the Northwestern Sahara Aquifer System extends across Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, highlighting its significance as a transboundary water resource.
The aquifer systems in the two basins encompass a variety of geological formations. The Murzuq Basin contains Upper, Middle, and Lower aquifers, ranging from Cambro-Ordovician to Cretaceous formations, with the Nubian and Post-Tassilian aquifers being extensively utilized for irrigation and domestic use. Similarly, the Ghadames Basin features the Senonian, Eocene limestone, and Turonian aquifers, which provide critical water supplies, but with varying mineralization and recharge dynamics influenced generally by geological and climatic factors. Hydrogeological assessments for both basins reveal significant variations in transmissivity, water table depth, and storage coefficients, showcasing ancient groundwater isotopic signatures indicative of minimal recent recharge.
Hydro-chemical analyses highlight diverse water qualities across both basins. In the Murzuq Basin, groundwater ranges from fresh to moderately saline, with Na-Cl and Mixed-HCO3 facies predominating, while the Ghadames Basin displays mineralization gradients linked to more recent recharge zones and the salinity challenges near areas like Oued Rhir and Ouargla. Both basins face significant challenges, including declining water levels, salinity intrusion, and contamination risks due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction and agricultural activities. In the Ghadames Basin, the impacts of large-scale projects like the Great Man-Made River further strain the non-renewable groundwater resources.
This study provides a regional comprehensive review of the hydrogeological and hydro-chemical characteristics of both Murzuq and Ghadames Basins, emphasizing the need for integrated, sustainable water management strategies and transboundary cooperation, particularly in the Ghadames Basin. Advanced monitoring, alternative water sources, and policy reforms are critical to mitigating over-extraction and ensuring the long-term viability of these vital water resources.